Reducing Inequality In Latin America

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Reducing Inequality in Latin America

María Fernanda Valdés Valencia
Reducing Inequality in Latin America Book PDF

Author : María Fernanda Valdés Valencia
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 158 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2016-09-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781317069737

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Reducing Inequality in Latin America by María Fernanda Valdés Valencia Pdf

This book examines the role of tax policy in the incidence of socio-economic inequality. With a focus on Latin American, the author demonstrates that while inequality has decreased remarkably in the last decade – during the very period in which inequality was increasing almost everywhere else in the world – this reduction cannot be attributed to a better use of tax policy. Offering both quantitative and qualitative reviews of tax policies pursued by Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru over the last two decades, Reducing Inequality in Latin America contends that these countries continue to make insufficient use taxation measures in combating startlingly high levels of inequality. Drawing on legal texts, interviews with researchers and experts in the field, and official monetary statistics to obtain a complete picture of how discretionary tax policy has been pursued in the region, this volume engages with a range of recent economic theories to argue for the importance of using the tax system to reduce inequalities, whilst also offering new methods for measuring tax policy in subsequent research. As such, it will appeal both to scholars of social science and policy makers with interests in economics, social inequality, public policy and international political economy.

Coping with Austerity

Nora Claudia Lustig
Coping with Austerity Book PDF

Author : Nora Claudia Lustig
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2010-12-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0815708025

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Coping with Austerity by Nora Claudia Lustig Pdf

Concern about the pervasiveness of poverty and income inequality in Latin America goes beyond the issue of social justice. The persistence of mass poverty and inequality pits different social groups against one another and leads to a polarization that makes consistent economic policy formation difficult. National productivity may also suffer in economies with poorly educated workforces lacking adequate health care. Statistics on poverty and inequality in Latin America are rudimentary and often conflicting. Yet it is known that poverty became more widespread in the region during the last decade as it experienced economic decline. About 180 million people, or two out of every five in the area, are now living in poverty—some 50 million more than in 1980. It is also known that income and wealth are far more unequally distributed in Latin America than in most other developing regions. This book provides a much-needed assessment of how poverty, inequality, and social indicators have fared in several Latin American countries over the past decade. Experts from Latin America and the U.S. focus attention on the extent of poverty and inequality and how they have been affected by the debt crisis and adjustment of the 1980s. They explain that issues of poverty and inequality were neglected as governments in Latin America struggled to restore stability and growth to their economies. Social sector spending declined sharply, affecting both the quality and quantity of services provided. The contributors examine how poverty and inequality are—or are not—being addressed in each country. They also explore the viability of alternative approaches to combating poverty and reducing inequality. They explain that virtually no one denies that governments must take a leading role in the provision of health, education, and other social services. Yet there are sharp debates--over the compatibility of social spending with economic adjustment and stabilization; the priority of social expenditures in relation to other governmental spending; the allocation of funds among different social programs; who should, and should not, benefit; and who should pay the costs. They show that the poor and middle sectors had to pay dearly because their governments, the international community, and the families themselves were not prepared to deal with austerity. The book contains eleven chapters by contributors from universities and research institutions in the U.S. and Latin America, as well as from international financial organizations. It is the result of a project cosponsored by Inter-American Dialogue.

A Moment of Equality for Latin America?

Barbara Fritz,Lena Lavinas
A Moment of Equality for Latin America Book PDF

Author : Barbara Fritz,Lena Lavinas
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 284 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2016-03-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317187578

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A Moment of Equality for Latin America? by Barbara Fritz,Lena Lavinas Pdf

Unlike other regions around the world, several Latin American countries have managed to reduce income inequality over the last decade. Higher growth rates and growing employment, but also innovative wage policies and social programs, have contributed to reducing poverty and narrow income disparities. Yet, despite this progress, nation-states in the region demonstrate little capacity to substantially change their patterns of deeply rooted inequalities. Focusing on the limits and challenges of redistributive policies in Latin America, this volume synthesizes and updates the discussion of inequality in the region, introducing the perspective of global and transnational interdependencies. The book explores the extent to which redistributive policies have been interlinked with the provision and quality of public goods as well as with structural changes of the productive sector. Inspired by structuralist and neostructuralist thinking of Latin American economists, such as Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado, authors question the redistributive impact of the interplay of recent macroeconomic, fiscal and social policies, particularly under left and center-left administrations committed to greater equality. Bringing together experts in social, fiscal and macroeconomic policies to investigate the interdependent and global character of inequalities, this book will appeal to scholars of sociology, economics, development and politics with interests in Latin America, inequality and public policy.

Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America

Pablo Vommaro,Pablo Baisotti
Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Pablo Vommaro,Pablo Baisotti
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 277 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2022-02-21
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783030904951

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Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America by Pablo Vommaro,Pablo Baisotti Pdf

This book adopts a multidimensional approach to analyze both the historical and emerging factors that contribute to make Latin America and the Caribbean the most unequal region in the world. Social inequality is a historical characteristic of the region, but at the beginning of the 21st century, a handful of progressive governments seemed to be adopting policies that could reduce this historical trend. Many of these efforts, however, were blocked or reversed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which both exposed the persistence of historical trends and contributed to the emergency of new forms of inequality in the region. The different chapters in this contributed volume adopt a multidimensional, intersectional, perspective to analyze both the persistence and the emergency of social devices of production and reproduction of inequalities in the diverse Latin American and Caribbean temporal spatialities. The issues analyzed in the different chapters revolve around four main axes: a) persistence of generational and intergenerational inequalities; b) structural gender inequality; c) intertwined social inequalities: race, class and social structure and; c) historical and economic dimension of inequality. Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America: A Multidimensional Approach will be of interest to researchers interested in the study of social inequality and social justice in different fields of the human and social sciences, such as sociology, political science, history, economics, anthropology and education. It will also be a valuable tool for policy makers and social activists engaged in the discussion, advocacy and implementation of public policies aimed at reducing social inequalities.

Democracy and the Left

Evelyne Huber,John D. Stephens
Democracy and the Left Book PDF

Author : Evelyne Huber,John D. Stephens
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 363 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2012-09-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780226356556

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Democracy and the Left by Evelyne Huber,John D. Stephens Pdf

Although inequality in Latin America ranks among the worst in the world, it has notably declined over the last decade, offset by improvements in health care and education, enhanced programs for social assistance, and increases in the minimum wage. In Democracy and the Left, Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens argue that the resurgence of democracy in Latin America is key to this change. In addition to directly affecting public policy, democratic institutions enable left-leaning political parties to emerge, significantly influencing the allocation of social spending on poverty and inequality. But while democracy is an important determinant of redistributive change, it is by no means the only factor. Drawing on a wealth of data, Huber and Stephens present quantitative analyses of eighteen countries and comparative historical analyses of the five most advanced social policy regimes in Latin America, showing how international power structures have influenced the direction of their social policy. They augment these analyses by comparing them to the development of social policy in democratic Portugal and Spain. The most ambitious examination of the development of social policy in Latin America to date, Democracy and the Left shows that inequality is far from intractable—a finding with crucial policy implications worldwide.

Wage Inequality in Latin America

Julián Messina,Joana Silva
Wage Inequality in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Julián Messina,Joana Silva
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2017-12-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464810404

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Wage Inequality in Latin America by Julián Messina,Joana Silva Pdf

What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the fi rst question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage diff erences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so—but it might not actually reverse the region’s movement toward less wage inequality.

Poverty, Inequality and Migration in Latin America

Stephan Klasen
Poverty Inequality and Migration in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Stephan Klasen
Publisher : Peter Lang
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 3631573278

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Poverty, Inequality and Migration in Latin America by Stephan Klasen Pdf

Groups the papers under the headings "Growth and inequality", "Poverty", and "Trade, migration and income convergence". Looks at the consequences of high economic instability with recurrent economic and financial crises, particularly in the 1990s. Studies poverty determinants, and the role of trade and migration in generating, sustaining or reducing inequalities between and within the countries examined.

Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean

Ricardo Paes de Barros
Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean Book PDF

Author : Ricardo Paes de Barros
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 222 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2009-01-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821377451

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Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean by Ricardo Paes de Barros Pdf

Equality of opportunity is about levelling the playing field so that circumstances such as gender, ethnicity, place of birth, or family background do not influence a person's life chances. This book introduces new methods for measuring inequality of opportunities and makes an assessment of its evolution in Latin America over a decade.

Cities and Economic Inequality in Latin America

Lena Simet
Cities and Economic Inequality in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Lena Simet
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2022-04-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000569643

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Cities and Economic Inequality in Latin America by Lena Simet Pdf

This book examines trends and determinants of economic inequality in cities in Latin America, the world’s most unequal region. It explores how the gap between the haves and the have nots manifests in every part of urban life – from housing to schooling to employment. It asks why some cities have higher inequality than others and what we can learn from these differences as we push back against inequality. The book starts with reviewing the policies and forces that explain the rise and fall of inequality in Latin America since the 1990s and why progress in reducing inequality has stalled. It then focuses on Argentina’s cities and applies a set of quantitative tools to identify inequality determinants. It finds that intra-urban inequality generally mirrors national-level trends, but local idiosyncrasies related to a city’s labor market, informal employment, and social protection systems matter. The book discusses the pitfalls of privatizing public services that turned access to water in metropolitan Buenos Aires more unequal. It explores the promises and unintended consequences of slum upgrading initiatives in Buenos Aires’ Villa 20. The book presents lessons that can inform policies and practices in the region and beyond. Developing a strategy against inequality that incorporates local features and resists the temptation to rely on the "free market" for solutions to urban problems offers a powerful opportunity. Drawing from the field of economics and social and urban policy, this book shows that the battle against inequality is not only won and lost in cities but also requires a uniquely public and urban response. As such, it will be of interest to advanced students, researchers, and policymakers across development economics, urban studies, and Latin American studies.

The Costs of Inequality in Latin America

Diego Sánchez-Ancochea
The Costs of Inequality in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Diego Sánchez-Ancochea
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 217 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2020-12-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781838606251

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The Costs of Inequality in Latin America by Diego Sánchez-Ancochea Pdf

From the United States to the United Kingdom and from China to India, growing inequality has led to social discontent and the emergence of populist parties, also contributing to economic crises. We urgently need a better understanding of the roots and costs of these income gaps. The Costs of Inequality draws on the experience of Latin America, one of the most unequal regions of the world, to demonstrate how inequality has hampered economic growth, contributed to a lack of good jobs, weakened democracy, and led to social divisions and mistrust. In turn, low growth, exclusionary politics, violence and social mistrust have reinforced inequality, generating various vicious circles. Latin America thus provides a disturbing image of what the future may hold in other countries if we do not act quickly. It also provides some useful lessons on how to fight income concentration and build more equitable societies.

Falling Inequality in Latin America

Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Falling Inequality in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 402 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780198701804

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Falling Inequality in Latin America by Giovanni Andrea Cornia Pdf

"A study prepared by the United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)

Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction?

Luis Bértola,Jeffrey Williamson
Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction Book PDF

Author : Luis Bértola,Jeffrey Williamson
Publisher : Springer
Page : 419 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2017-01-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783319446219

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Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? by Luis Bértola,Jeffrey Williamson Pdf

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book brings together a range of ideas and theories to arrive at a deeper understanding of inequality in Latin America and its complex realities. To so, it addresses questions such as: What are the origins of inequality in Latin America? How can we create societies that are more equal in terms of income distribution, gender equality and opportunities? How can we remedy the social divide that is making Latin America one of the most unequal regions on earth? What are the roles played by market forces, institutions and ideology in terms of inequality? In this book, a group of global experts gathered by the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), show readers how various types of inequality, such as economical, educational, racial and gender inequality have been practiced in countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and many others through the centuries. Presenting new ideas, new evidence, and new methods, the book subsequently analyzes how to move forward with second-generation reforms that lay the foundations for more egalitarian societies. As such, it offers a valuable and insightful guide for development economists, historians and Latin American specialists alike, as well as students, educators, policymakers and all citizens with an interest in development, inequality and the Latin American region.

Overcoming Inequality in Latin America

Ricardo Gottschalk,Patricia Justino
Overcoming Inequality in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Ricardo Gottschalk,Patricia Justino
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 209 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2007-04-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781134230136

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Overcoming Inequality in Latin America by Ricardo Gottschalk,Patricia Justino Pdf

Latin America is faced with the challenge of achieving the Millennium Developmental Goal to halve poverty in the region by 2015. Historically, this region has experienced persistently high levels of inequality and poverty, the causes and consequences of which are analytically examined here. Adopting a multidimensional approach, this informative book focuses on the mechanisms that lead to higher inequality and emphasizes the role of macroeconomics, trade rules, capital flows and the political electoral process. It analyzes how inequality has hindered development, how it interacts with a nation’s economic, social and political processes, and how inequality constrains these processes in ways that weakens the prospect of establishing and sustaining a dynamic, wealthy and creative society. An international team of specialist contributors investigate and explain these crucial issues. Examining the key economic policies and reforms which have exacerbated the region’s extremely high inequality levels, throughout this book they prescribe an alternative range of policy suggestions to help alleviate inequality and provide the foundations for more equitable development.

Commodity Cycles, Inequality, and Poverty in Latin America

Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan,Sandra Lizarazo,Marika Santoro,Mr. Frederik G Toscani,Mr. Mauricio Vargas
Commodity Cycles Inequality and Poverty in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan,Sandra Lizarazo,Marika Santoro,Mr. Frederik G Toscani,Mr. Mauricio Vargas
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 123 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2021-04-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484326091

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Commodity Cycles, Inequality, and Poverty in Latin America by Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan,Sandra Lizarazo,Marika Santoro,Mr. Frederik G Toscani,Mr. Mauricio Vargas Pdf

Over the past decades, inequality has risen not just in advanced economies but also in many emerging market and developing economies, becoming one of the key global policy challenges. And throughout the 20th century, Latin America was associated with some of the world’s highest levels of inequality. Yet something interesting happened in the first decade and a half of the 21st century. Latin America was the only region in the World to have experienced significant declines in inequality in that period. Poverty also fell in Latin America, although this was replicated in other regions, and Latin America started from a relatively low base. Starting around 2014, however, and even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, poverty and inequality gains had already slowed in Latin America and, in some cases, gone into reverse. And the COVID-19 shock, which is still playing out, is likely to dramatically worsen short-term poverty and inequality dynamics. Against this background, this departmental paper investigates the link between commodity prices, and poverty and inequality developments in Latin America.

Beyond Tradeoffs

Nancy Birdsall
Beyond Tradeoffs Book PDF

Author : Nancy Birdsall
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UTEXAS:059173006170052

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Beyond Tradeoffs by Nancy Birdsall Pdf

"The essays in this book propose new ways of reducing inequality, not by growth-inhibiting transfers and regulations, but by enhancing efficiency--eliminating consumption subsidies for the wealthy, increasing the productivity of the poor, and shifting to a more labor-and-skill-demanding growth path ... [They] draw on discussions at a conference sponsored by the IDB and the MacArthur Foundation, titled "Inequality-Reducing Growth in Latin America," held in Washington, D.C. in January 1997"--Foreword.