The Political Economy Of Japan S Low Fertility

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The Political Economy of Japan's Low Fertility

Frances McCall Rosenbluth
The Political Economy of Japan s Low Fertility Book PDF

Author : Frances McCall Rosenbluth
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2006-12-08
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 080476820X

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The Political Economy of Japan's Low Fertility by Frances McCall Rosenbluth Pdf

This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to one of Japan's thorniest public policy issues: why are women increasingly forgoing motherhood? At the heart of the matter lies a paradox: although the overall trend among rich countries is for fertility to decrease as female labor participation increases, gender-friendly countries resist the trend. Conversely, gender-unfriendly countries have lower fertility rates than they would have if they changed their labor markets to encourage the hiring of women—and therein lies Japan's problem. The authors argue that the combination of an inhospitable labor market for women and insufficient support for childcare pushes women toward working harder to promote their careers, to the detriment of childbearing. Controversial and enlightening, this book provides policy recommendations for solving not just Japan's fertility issue but those of other modern democracies facing a similar crisis.

Low Fertility in Advanced Asian Economies

Shigeki Matsuda
Low Fertility in Advanced Asian Economies Book PDF

Author : Shigeki Matsuda
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 90 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2020-01-03
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789811507106

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Low Fertility in Advanced Asian Economies by Shigeki Matsuda Pdf

This book focuses on the links between family, education, and employment systems in the Asian developed economies, proposing that these three systems and their interrelations are powerful factors causing the low fertility in Asia. The phenomenon of low fertility has been widely observed in developed countries, and the birthrate in Asian countries is among the lowest in the world. Although these countries have implemented measures to counter the falling birthrate, the expected effect has not yet been achieved. Moreover, Asia has seen a rapid decrease in the number of marriages. To promote effective countermeasures, it is necessary to clarify the factors influencing the low birthrate and decline in the number of marriages. Based on a statistical analysis of survey results mainly from Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, this book discusses several important points. First, because the family system is strong, cohabitation and children born to single mothers are not socially accepted. Further, mothers play a strong role in fulfilling expectations for children’s education. Second, the popularization of higher education and intense academic competition, which have been a driving force for rapid economic growth, have led to many parents opting to have fewer children, as the cost of education is high. Lastly, wage disparity is large and employment stability is a matter of concern. These factors increase competition within education and, in turn, make it difficult for the young generation to choose marriage. Within the employment environment, balancing work and family life is problematical, especially for women.

Low Fertility in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore

Shigeki Matsuda
Low Fertility in Japan South Korea and Singapore Book PDF

Author : Shigeki Matsuda
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 91 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2020-02-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789811528309

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Low Fertility in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore by Shigeki Matsuda Pdf

This book describes the low fertility status in three developed Asian countries—Japan, South Korea, and Singapore—and outlines countermeasures for their declining birthrates. Based on the characteristics of each society, the authors discuss why their fertility rates have not yet recovered. Low fertility is a demographic phenomenon that first occurred in Europe and subsequently spread across other countries. Currently, the fertility rates in Europe are relatively stable, while those in developed Asian economies are the lowest worldwide. This may cause labor shortages and weaken their social security systems, undermining Asia’s social and economic sustainability despite its remarkable economic development. In response to low fertility, some Asian countries have implemented countermeasures: Japan has introduced measures based on childcare facilities and work–life balance. Similarly, since the mid-2000s South Korea has established countermeasures to promote a balance between work and child rearing, as well as expanded childcare services. Singapore began introducing countermeasures before the other two countries, including various advanced measures. Yet none of these countries has seen a full recovery in fertility rates. Based on a statistical analysis of survey results from the three countries, this book makes several important points. The first is that the policy has been ineffective in Japan due to a discrepancy between the needs of parents raising children and those who are the targets of the countermeasures. Second, the work–life balance and child-rearing support measures that have been promoted in Japan and South Korea have not affected the number of children that women want to have. Third, Singaporean values tend to place individual emphasis on competition with oneself (education and career status) rather than on married life. This intense competition has lowered fertility rates. To restore these rates, each country must promote policies that better address its specific issues.

Low Fertility and Population Aging in Japan and Eastern Asia

Toru Suzuki
Low Fertility and Population Aging in Japan and Eastern Asia Book PDF

Author : Toru Suzuki
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 95 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2014-02-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9784431547808

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Low Fertility and Population Aging in Japan and Eastern Asia by Toru Suzuki Pdf

This book provides a unique comparative view of the extremely low fertility and drastic population aging in Eastern Asian countries. After discussing demographic and political developments of Japan in detail as a reference case, accelerated changes in Korea, Taiwan and China are interpreted with a comparative cultural view. In addition to the well-known cultural divide between countries with strong and weak family ties, this book proposes another divide between offspring of the feudal family and that of the Confucian family. Included is a discussion of how the discrepancy between the compressed change in the socioeconomic system and the slow change in the family system has resulted in extremely low fertility in Eastern Asia. A comparison of policy development reveals that the sense of overpopulation has caused difficulty in launching pro-natal policy interventions in Eastern Asia, especially in China. Impacts of fertility decline on population aging, total dependency ratio and the timing of population decline in Eastern Asia are analyzed with a stylized model. The remaining Confucian family pattern is especially important in understanding and predicting political development to cope with accelerated population aging. This book is a valuable resource for researchers who are interested in the latest and most surprising demographic phenomena in the region.

The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan

Takeda Hiroko
The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan Book PDF

Author : Takeda Hiroko
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2004-09-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781134355433

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The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan by Takeda Hiroko Pdf

This book analyzes the political economy of reproduction and its role in the process of Japanese modernization. Hiroko analyzes state attempts and policies to intervene into women's bodies and everyday lives to integrate them into the Japanese political economy. Based on Foucault's concept of governmentality the author develops a model to assess reproduction in three forms - economic, biological and socio-political - from 1868 until the present day.

Childbearing and Careers of Japanese Women Born in the 1960s

Yukiko Senda
Childbearing and Careers of Japanese Women Born in the 1960s Book PDF

Author : Yukiko Senda
Publisher : Springer
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2015-05-11
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9784431550662

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Childbearing and Careers of Japanese Women Born in the 1960s by Yukiko Senda Pdf

​This book provides the keys to understanding the trajectory that Japanese society has followed toward its lowest-low fertility since the 1980s. The characteristics of the life course of women born in the 1960s, who were the first cohort to enter that trajectory, are explored by using both qualitative and quantitative data analyses. Among the many books explaining the decline in fertility, this book is unique in four ways. First, it describes in detail the reality of factors concerning the fertility decline in Japan. Second, the book uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to introduce the whole picture of how the low-fertility trend began in the 1980s and developed in the 1990s and thereafter. Third, the focus is on a specific birth cohort because their experiences determined the current patterns of family formation such as late marriage and postponed childbirth. Fourth, the book explores the knife-edge balance between work and family conditions, especially with regard to childbearing, in the context of Japanese management and gender norms. After examining the characteristics of demographic and socioeconomic circumstances of postwar Japan in detail, it can be seen that the change in family formation first occurred drastically in the 1960s cohort. Using both qualitative interview data cumulatively from 150 people and quantitative estimates with official statistics, this book shows how individual-level choices to balance work and family obligations resulted in a national-level fertility decline. Another focus of this book is the increasing unintended infertility due to postponed pregnancy, a phenomenon that is attracting great social attention because the average age of pregnancy is approaching the biological limit. This book is a valuable resource for researchers who are interested in the rapid fertility decline as well as the work–life balance and the life course of women in Japanese employment practice and family traditions.

The Economic Impact of Population Decline and Aging in Japan

Kohei Wada
The Economic Impact of Population Decline and Aging in Japan Book PDF

Author : Kohei Wada
Publisher : Springer
Page : 100 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2015-11-05
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 4431548300

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The Economic Impact of Population Decline and Aging in Japan by Kohei Wada Pdf

Despite the remarkably serious problems caused by aging and population decline in Japan, there are very few books that inform the world about them in English. Through this book, a Japanese economic demographer clearly shows the various economic consequences of population problems in Japan, especially the impacts of continuing ultra-low fertility and the world’s highest life expectancy in the post-demographic transition phase. The explanation is at a basic level but covers the overall economic issues including labor, capital, technical progress, consumption, savings and investment from a demographic perspective. Finally, some remedies for economic growth in Japan are proposed. Because economic policies are expected to have short-term effects while demographic ones to increase the fertility rate need some time to take effect, earlier books about the Japanese economy have hardly ever dealt with demographic policies. Furthermore, this book directly addresses the integrated economic and demographic policies appropriate to Japan. These are different from the French natalistic social policy, the Scandinavian policy of a work–life balance or the immigration policy in Australia or the United States. This book emphasizes the power of local communities in Japan as a part of East Asia. In this sense, the book provides a new key to readers who are interested in the future Japanese economy and population.

Convergence to Very Low Fertility in East Asia: Processes, Causes, and Implications

Noriko O. Tsuya,Minja Kim Choe,Feng Wang
Convergence to Very Low Fertility in East Asia Processes Causes and Implications Book PDF

Author : Noriko O. Tsuya,Minja Kim Choe,Feng Wang
Publisher : Springer
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2019-03-23
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9784431557814

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Convergence to Very Low Fertility in East Asia: Processes, Causes, and Implications by Noriko O. Tsuya,Minja Kim Choe,Feng Wang Pdf

This book examines the trends, underlying factors, and policy implications of fertility declines in three East Asian countries: Japan, South Korea, and China. In contrast to Western countries that have also experienced fertility declines to below-replacement levels, fertility decline in these East Asian countries is most notable in its rapidity and sheer magnitude. After a rapid decline shortly after the war, in which fertility was halved in one decade from 4.5 children per woman in 1947 to 2.1 in 1957, Japan's fertility started to decline to below-replacement levels in the mid-1970s, reaching 1.3 per woman in the early 2000s. Korea experienced one of the most spectacular declines ever recorded, with fertility falling continuously from very high (6.0 per woman) to a below-replacement level (1.6 per woman) between the early 1960s and mid-1980s, reaching 1.1 per woman in 2005. Similarly, after a dramatic decline from very high to low levels in one decade from the early 1970s to early 1980s, China's fertility reached around 1.5 per woman by 2005. Despite differences in timing, tempo, and scale of fertility declines, dramatic fertility reductions have resulted in extremely rapid population aging and foreshadow a long-term population decline in all three countries. This monograph provides a systematic comparison of fertility transitions in these East Asian countries and discusses the economic, social, and cultural factors that may account for their similarities and differences. After an overview of cultural backgrounds, economic transformations, and the evolution of policies, the trends and age patterns of fertility are examined. The authors then investigate changes in women's marriage and childbearing within marriage, the two major direct determinants of fertility, followed by an analysis of the social and economic factors underlying fertility and nuptiality changes, such as education, women's employment, and gender relations at home.

The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan

Hiroko Takeda
The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan Book PDF

Author : Hiroko Takeda
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Electronic books
ISBN : 0203348591

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The Political Economy of Reproduction in Japan by Hiroko Takeda Pdf

This new work analyzes the political economy of reproduction and its role in the process of Japanese modernization.

Work and Family in Japanese Society

Junya Tsutsui
Work and Family in Japanese Society Book PDF

Author : Junya Tsutsui
Publisher : Springer
Page : 61 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2019-12-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9811324956

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Work and Family in Japanese Society by Junya Tsutsui Pdf

This book provides a systematic framework for interpreting the fertility decline in Japan. It situates the change in fertility rates in a broader context, such as family life and working customs. The basic argument it puts forward is that Japan has failed to establish a “dual-earner” society: women still face the trade-off between having a career or starting a family, which has led to an extremely low fertility rate in Japanese society. Further to this rather common explanation, which could also be applied to other low-fertility societies such as Germany and Italy, the author presents an original view. Japan has had its own momentum in holding on to its strong “men as breadwinners and women as housekeepers” model by creating a unique regime, namely, a Japanese model of a welfare society. This regime places special emphasis on the welfare provided by private companies and family members instead of by the government. Private firms are expected to secure men’s jobs and income to the greatest extent, taking advantage of Japanese employment customs. On the other hand, women are expected to provide care for their family members. The book argues that the familialist orientation is still dominant in Japan and is repeatedly reinforced in the policy context.

Lowest-Low Fertility and Its Demographic Impact in Japan

Toru SUZUKI
Lowest Low Fertility and Its Demographic Impact in Japan Book PDF

Author : Toru SUZUKI
Publisher : Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2014-05-20
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Lowest-Low Fertility and Its Demographic Impact in Japan by Toru SUZUKI Pdf

Aunque el envejecimiento de la población sea hoy ya en sí mismo un tema de interés para cualquier país y la comparación de las políticas públicas dirigidas a afrontarlo la forma más elemental y siempre fructífera de abordarlo, el estudio específico de los casos japonés y español (y, por extensión, europea) de sus elementos comunes y sus diferencias, tuvo, tiene y tendrá un especial interés para los investigadores, las autoridades y los actores sociales implicados en el problema. Envejecimiento de la población en España y Japón: estudio comparativo y posibles implicaciones para Europa y Asia Pacífico surge a partir de la celebración entre el 13 y el 17 de octubre de 2008 de un simposium, en el centro cultural Hispano-Japonés de la Universidad de Salamanca, con la participación de profesores de Europa y de Japón. El éxito de este seminario determinó la voluntad de plasmar en un libro las aportaciones más interesantes de cada uno de los brillantes investigadores que allí participaron.

Social Stratification in an Aging Society with Low Fertility

Sawako Shirahase
Social Stratification in an Aging Society with Low Fertility Book PDF

Author : Sawako Shirahase
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2022
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 981193648X

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Social Stratification in an Aging Society with Low Fertility by Sawako Shirahase Pdf

This edited book discusses stratification in contemporary Japanese society. It is unique for its empirical examination of social inequality in relation to declining fertility and an aging population. Japan is the most aged society in the world: according to the Statistics Bureau of Japan, people who are aged 65 and above accounted for 29.1% of the country's total population in 2021. Meanwhile, the fertility rate has continuously declined since the mid-1970s. Japan experienced a dramatic change in its demographic structure in a short period of time. Such fast change could be a major factor in generating social stratification. In her industrialization, Japan was thought to share a pattern of social stratification similar to that of developed European and North American countries but with a low degree of socio-economic inequality and a high degree of homogeneity. There is no clear support for this description of Japan, although the country does share a pattern and degree of social stratification similar to that observed in Europe and North America. The social stratification theory has been developed in close relation to the labor market; however, it is necessary to further examine the social stratification of very aged societies in which a substantial number of the population-namely, retired persons-no longer have any ties to the labor market. In this book, the contributors explore the pattern of social stratification at three life stages: young, middle-aged, and elderly. Included are discussions of various aspects of stratification such as education, work, wealth, marriage, family, gender, generation, and social attitudes. Sawako Shirahase is Professor of Sociology at the Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo.

Social Inequality in Japan

Sawako Shirahase
Social Inequality in Japan Book PDF

Author : Sawako Shirahase
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2014-01-10
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781135934200

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Social Inequality in Japan by Sawako Shirahase Pdf

Japan was the first Asian country to become a mature industrial society, and throughout the 1970s and the 1980s, was viewed as an ‘all-middle-class society’. However since the 1990s there have been growing doubts as to the real degree of social equality in Japan, particularly in the context of dramatic demographic shifts as the population ages whilst fertility levels continue to fall. This book compares Japan with America, Britain, Italy, France, Germany, Sweden and Taiwan in order to determine whether inequality really is a social problem in Japan. With a focus on impact demographic shifts, Sawako Shirahase examines female labour market participation, income inequality among households with children, the state of the family, generational change, single person households and income distribution among the aged, and asks whether increasing inequality and is uniquely Japanese, or if it is a social problem common across all of the societies included in this study. Crucially, this book shows that Japan is distinctive not in terms of the degree of inequality in the society, but rather, in how acutely inequality is perceived. Further, the data shows that Japan differs from the other countries examined in terms of the gender gap in both the labour market and the family, and in inequality among single-person households – single men and women, including lifelong bachelors and spinsters – and also among single parent households, who pay a heavy price for having deviated from the expected pattern of life in Japan. Drawing on extensive empirical data, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars interested in Japanese culture and society, Japanese studies and social policy more generally.

Parenting Across Cultures

Helaine Selin
Parenting Across Cultures Book PDF

Author : Helaine Selin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 516 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2013-11-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789400775039

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Parenting Across Cultures by Helaine Selin Pdf

There is a strong connection between culture and parenting. What is acceptable in one culture is frowned upon in another. This applies to behavior after birth, encouragement in early childhood, and regulation and freedom during adolescence. There are differences in affection and distance, harshness and repression, and acceptance and criticism. Some parents insist on obedience; others are concerned with individual development. This clearly differs from parent to parent, but there is just as clearly a connection to culture. This book includes chapters on China, Colombia, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, Korea, Vietnam, Brazil, Native Americans and Australians, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Ecuador, Cuba, Pakistan, Nigeria, Morocco, and several other countries. Beside this, the authors address depression, academic achievement, behavior, adolescent identity, abusive parenting, grandparents as parents, fatherhood, parental agreement and disagreement, emotional availability and stepparents.​

Women and Politics in Contemporary Japan

Emma Dalton
Women and Politics in Contemporary Japan Book PDF

Author : Emma Dalton
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 174 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2015-02-11
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781317554196

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Women and Politics in Contemporary Japan by Emma Dalton Pdf

This book looks at the gendering of the political system in Japan and the effects of that system on gender equality in national-level politics specifically and wider society more generally. It examines the approach taken by the long-ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) to issues of gender equality in Japan, and the repercussions of that approach on women’s political experiences and representation. This book covers a range of themes including the role of the LDP and other major political parties in constructing the modern Japanese political system, the under-representation of women in Japanese politics, women’s experiences in party politics and the gendering of government policies. Using in-depth interviews with women members of the national Diet, the book sheds light on how political women negotiate the male-dominated world of Japanese politics.